Clarividencia

La clarividencia es la supuesta capacidad de obtener información sobre un objeto, una persona, un lugar o un acontecimiento físico mediante la percepción extrasensorial.^[2]^[3] Cualquier persona que afirme tener esta capacidad se considera clarividente.^[4]

Las afirmaciones sobre la existencia de habilidades paranormales y psíquicas, como la clarividencia, no han sido respaldadas por pruebas científicas.^[5] La parapsicología explora esta posibilidad, pero la comunidad científica no acepta la existencia de lo paranormal basándose en su ausencia de evidencia.^[6] La comunidad científica considera ampliamente que la parapsicología, incluido el estudio de la clarividencia, es una pseudociencia.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

↑ Andrew Lang, Visiones en cristal, salvajes y civilizados, «La fabricación de la religión», capítulo V, Londres, Nueva York y Bombay, 1900, pp. 83-104.
↑ «Merriam-Webster Online dictionary, Retrieved 2007-10-05 "1: the power or faculty of discerning objects not present to the senses 2: ability to perceive matters beyond the range of ordinary perception: penetration"». Mw1.merriam-webster.com. Archivado desde el original el 27 de febrero de 2012. Consultado el 17 de noviembre de 2011.
↑ Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Retrieved 2007-10-07. The ESP entry includes clairvoyance
↑ «clairvoyant_1 noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com». OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com. Consultado el 8 de abril de 2017.
↑ Carroll, Robert Todd. (2003). "Clairvoyance". Retrieved 2014-04-30.
↑
* Bunge, Mario. (1983). Treatise on Basic Philosophy: Volume 6: Epistemology & Methodology II: Understanding the World. Springer. p. 226. ISBN 90-277-1635-8 "Despite being several thousand years old, and having attracted a large number of researchers over the past hundred years, we owe no single firm finding to parapsychology: no hard data on telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, or psychokinesis."
- Stenger, Victor. (1990). Physics and Psychics: The Search for a World Beyond the Senses. Prometheus Books. p. 166. ISBN 0-87975-575-X "The bottom line is simple: science is based on consensus, and at present a scientific consensus that psychic phenomena exist is still not established."
- Zechmeister, Eugene; Johnson, James. (1992). Critical Thinking: A Functional Approach. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. p. 115. ISBN 0534165966 "There exists no good scientific evidence for the existence of paranormal phenomena such as ESP. To be acceptable to the scientific community, evidence must be both valid and reliable."
- Hines, Terence. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 144. ISBN 1-57392-979-4 "It is important to realize that, in one hundred years of parapsychological investigations, there has never been a single adequate demonstration of the reality of any psi phenomenon."
↑ «Dictionary.com "Pseudoscience"». Dictionary.reference.com. Consultado el 22 de septiembre de 2012.
↑ «Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Science and Pseudo-Science"». Plato.stanford.edu. 3 de septiembre de 2008. Consultado el 22 de septiembre de 2012.
↑ «Science Needs to Combat Pseudoscience: A Statement by 32 Russian Scientists and Philosophers». Quackwatch.com. 17 de julio de 1998. Consultado el 22 de septiembre de 2012.
↑ «International Cultic Studies Association "Science Fiction in Pseudoscience"». Csj.org. Archivado desde el original el 12 de agosto de 2018. Consultado el 22 de septiembre de 2012.
↑
* Gross, Paul R; Levitt, Norman; Lewis, Martin W (1996), The Flight from Science and Reason, New York Academy of Sciences, p. 565, ISBN 978-0801856761, «The overwhelming majority of scientists consider parapsychology, by whatever name, to be pseudoscience.» .
- Friedlander, Michael W (1998), At the Fringes of Science, Westview Press, p. 119, ISBN 978-0-8133-2200-1, «Parapsychology has failed to gain general scientific acceptance even for its improved methods and claimed successes, and it is still treated with a lopsided ambivalence among the scientific community. Most scientists write it off as pseudoscience unworthy of their time.» .
- Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013), Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, University Of Chicago Press, p. 158, ISBN 978-0-226-05196-3, hdl:1854/LU-3161824, «Many observers refer to the field as a 'pseudoscience'. When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be consistently replicated.» .
↑ Cordón, Luis A. (2005). Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-313-32457-4. «The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.»

[1] Andrew Lang, Visiones en cristal, salvajes y civilizados, «La fabricación de la religión», capítulo V, Londres, Nueva York y Bombay, 1900, pp. 83-104.

[2] «Merriam-Webster Online dictionary, Retrieved 2007-10-05 "1: the power or faculty of discerning objects not present to the senses 2: ability to perceive matters beyond the range of ordinary perception: penetration"». Mw1.merriam-webster.com. Archivado desde el original el 27 de febrero de 2012. Consultado el 17 de noviembre de 2011.

[3] Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Retrieved 2007-10-07. The ESP entry includes clairvoyance

[4] «clairvoyant_1 noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com». OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com. Consultado el 8 de abril de 2017.

[skepdic1-5] Carroll, Robert Todd. (2003). "Clairvoyance". Retrieved 2014-04-30.

[6] * Bunge, Mario. (1983). Treatise on Basic Philosophy: Volume 6: Epistemology & Methodology II: Understanding the World. Springer. p. 226. ISBN 90-277-1635-8 "Despite being several thousand years old, and having attracted a large number of researchers over the past hundred years, we owe no single firm finding to parapsychology: no hard data on telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, or psychokinesis."
Stenger, Victor. (1990). Physics and Psychics: The Search for a World Beyond the Senses. Prometheus Books. p. 166. ISBN 0-87975-575-X "The bottom line is simple: science is based on consensus, and at present a scientific consensus that psychic phenomena exist is still not established."

Zechmeister, Eugene; Johnson, James. (1992). Critical Thinking: A Functional Approach. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. p. 115. ISBN 0534165966 "There exists no good scientific evidence for the existence of paranormal phenomena such as ESP. To be acceptable to the scientific community, evidence must be both valid and reliable."

Hines, Terence. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 144. ISBN 1-57392-979-4 "It is important to realize that, in one hundred years of parapsychological investigations, there has never been a single adequate demonstration of the reality of any psi phenomenon."

[7] Stenger, Victor. (1990). Physics and Psychics: The Search for a World Beyond the Senses. Prometheus Books. p. 166. ISBN 0-87975-575-X "The bottom line is simple: science is based on consensus, and at present a scientific consensus that psychic phenomena exist is still not established."

[8] Zechmeister, Eugene; Johnson, James. (1992). Critical Thinking: A Functional Approach. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. p. 115. ISBN 0534165966 "There exists no good scientific evidence for the existence of paranormal phenomena such as ESP. To be acceptable to the scientific community, evidence must be both valid and reliable."

[9] Hines, Terence. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 144. ISBN 1-57392-979-4 "It is important to realize that, in one hundred years of parapsychological investigations, there has never been a single adequate demonstration of the reality of any psi phenomenon."

[7] «Dictionary.com "Pseudoscience"». Dictionary.reference.com. Consultado el 22 de septiembre de 2012.

[8] «Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Science and Pseudo-Science"». Plato.stanford.edu. 3 de septiembre de 2008. Consultado el 22 de septiembre de 2012.

[9] «Science Needs to Combat Pseudoscience: A Statement by 32 Russian Scientists and Philosophers». Quackwatch.com. 17 de julio de 1998. Consultado el 22 de septiembre de 2012.

[10] «International Cultic Studies Association "Science Fiction in Pseudoscience"». Csj.org. Archivado desde el original el 12 de agosto de 2018. Consultado el 22 de septiembre de 2012.

[11] * Gross, Paul R; Levitt, Norman; Lewis, Martin W (1996), The Flight from Science and Reason, New York Academy of Sciences, p. 565, ISBN 978-0801856761, «The overwhelming majority of scientists consider parapsychology, by whatever name, to be pseudoscience.» .
Friedlander, Michael W (1998), At the Fringes of Science, Westview Press, p. 119, ISBN 978-0-8133-2200-1, «Parapsychology has failed to gain general scientific acceptance even for its improved methods and claimed successes, and it is still treated with a lopsided ambivalence among the scientific community. Most scientists write it off as pseudoscience unworthy of their time.» .

Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013), Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, University Of Chicago Press, p. 158, ISBN 978-0-226-05196-3, hdl:1854/LU-3161824, «Many observers refer to the field as a 'pseudoscience'. When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be consistently replicated.» .

[15] Friedlander, Michael W (1998), At the Fringes of Science, Westview Press, p. 119, ISBN 978-0-8133-2200-1, «Parapsychology has failed to gain general scientific acceptance even for its improved methods and claimed successes, and it is still treated with a lopsided ambivalence among the scientific community. Most scientists write it off as pseudoscience unworthy of their time.» .

[16] Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013), Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, University Of Chicago Press, p. 158, ISBN 978-0-226-05196-3, hdl:1854/LU-3161824, «Many observers refer to the field as a 'pseudoscience'. When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be consistently replicated.» .

[Cordón-12] Cordón, Luis A. (2005). Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-313-32457-4. «The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.»

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